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Remedies for non-performance：Perspectives from CISG, UNIDROIT Priniciples and PECL


INTRODUCTION


The growth of international trade makes some kind of unification necessary. Increased trade overseas has drawn attention to the problems that are caused by the different ways in which countries have chosen to regulate international sales. And the legal community has tried to facilitate overseas trade through efforts to harmonize national laws by legislative or non-legislative means.
Against such a background, the analysis in this contribution is focused on the CISG, UNIDROIT Principles and PECL -- three of the most important international instruments for the regulation of international commercial transactions which combine elements from both civil law and common law systems. In so doing, this contribution provides a comparative analysis of these instruments. It is merely thought that comparison is, probably, one of the most efficient ways to underline some of the unique features inherent in some legal regimes and to develop solutions to existing theoretical problems. However, as most of the authors dealing with the vast domain of this area would have done, the author in this contribution has never meant to make an exhaustive examination of international commercial law, bearing in mind that the ability of a single contribution to deal with its many issues is limited. The approach offered here is to review some of the key issues frequently befell in international trade, based on those generally accepted principles or elaborate rules as evidenced by international restatements or conventions and usages and practices or so-called lex mercatoria that is widely known to and regularly observed in international commercial transactions.
Particularly, it is said that no aspect of a system of contract law is more revealing of its underlying assumptions than is the law that prescribes the relief available for non-performance (breach). Issues relating to the remedial provisions are difficult and central substantive issues, which will no doubt be the focus of a large part of the discussion and deliberation surrounding application of commercial law on both a domestic and an international level. Therefore, the study in this contribution focuses, in light of traditional and modern theories, on the remedial scheme established under each of the three bodies of rules, namely Part III (partial) of the CISG, Chapter 7 of the UNIDROIT Principles and Chapters 8 and 9 of the PECL. In practical terms, these sectors are the substantive heart of the particular instruments. It is where the corresponding solutions to a large proportion of real world disputes in commercial transactions are to be found.
The comparative analysis contained speculates on the potential similarities and differences of these sectors, intending to enunciate rules which are common in international commercial law and at the same time to select the solutions which seem best adapted to the special requirements of international trade. One should note, however, that to the extent this contribution doesn’t give absolute priority to any one of the three instruments, whenever it is necessary to choose between conflicting rules and sometime then to derive a number of general principles which apply to all of the rules, what’s decisive to the criterion used is not just which rule is mandatory or adopted by the majority of jurisdictions, but rather which of the rules under consideration have the most persuasive value and/or appear to be particularly well suited for international commercial transactions.

Summary of Contents

PART I GENERAL REVIEW
Chapter 1 Sources of Inspiration
Chapter 2 Remedies Available upon Non-performance

PART II PRESERVING PERFORMANCE
Chapter 3 Specific Performance
Chapter 4 Nachfrist for Late Performance
Chapter 5 Cure by Non-performing Party
Chapter 6 Price Reduction for Non-conformity

PART III TERMINATION
Chapter 7 Right to Termination
Chapter 8 Fundamental Non-performance
Chapter 9 Anticipatory Non-performance
Chapter 10 Termination of Breached Installment or Part
Chapter 11 Declaration of Termination
Chapter 12 Effects of Termination

PART IV DAMAGES
Chapter 13 General Measure of Damages
Chapter 14 Limits to Claims for Damages
Chapter 15 Damages upon Termination
Chapter 16 Agreed Payment for Non-performance
Chapter 17 Recovery of Attorneys’ Fees
Chapter 18 Payment of Interest

PART V EXCUSES
Chapter 19 Change of Circumstances
Chapter 20 Force Majeure
Chapter 21 Hardship
Chapter 22 Force Majeure & Hardship Clauses

Table of Contents


PART I GENERAL REVIEW
Chapter 1 Sources of Inspiration
国家食品药品监督管理局


关于将三唑仑列入第一类精神药品管理的通知

国食药监安[2005]26号


各省、自治区、直辖市食品药品监督管理局（药品监督管理局）：

　　三唑仑为镇静安眠药，为更好地保证三唑仑的合法医疗、科研需求，防止流入非法渠道，现对三唑仑的管理进行如下调整：

　　一、将三唑仑由按第二类精神药品管理调整为第一类精神药品管理，包括其可能存在的盐和制剂。

　　二、三唑仑由国家食品药品监督管理局指定的药品生产企业定点生产（三唑仑原料药及其制剂定点生产企业名单见附件），其它任何单位及个人不得生产。

　　三、三唑仑的年度生产计划由国家食品药品监督管理局审定下达，生产企业必须按照计划组织生产。

　　四、按照第一类精神药品经营管理的有关规定，三唑仑制剂统一纳入麻醉药品经营渠道经营。三唑仑制剂生产企业应当将三唑仑制剂销售给国家食品药品监督管理局指定的一级麻醉药品经营企业，由一级麻醉药品经营企业销售给有关二级麻醉药品经营企业。医疗机构凭《麻醉药品、第一类精神药品购用印鉴卡》从麻醉药品经营企业购买三唑仑制剂。
　　三唑仑原料药生产企业应当按照国家食品药品监督管理局下达的年度计划将三唑仑原料药销售给制剂生产企业或经国家食品药品监督管理局批准的出口企业。

　　五、自本通知施行之日起，不具备麻醉药品经营资格的第二类精神药品经营企业应当停止销售三唑仑，将三唑仑库存情况登记造册，报所在地设区的市级食品药品监督管理部门备案。库存的三唑仑应当按原购进渠道退回生产企业，确实无法退回的，由所在地设区的市级食品药品监督管理部门汇总后，报所在地省、自治区、直辖市食品药品监督管理局（药品监督管理局），由省、自治区、直辖市食品药品监督管理局（药品监督管理局）协调本行政区域内的有关麻醉药品经营企业代为销售。

　　本通知自2005年3月1日起施行。

　　以上通知，请转发本行政区域内有关药品生产、经营企业和使用单位，并监督其遵照执行。


　　附件：三唑仑原料药及其制剂定点生产企业名单


　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　国家食品药品监督管理局
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　二○○五年一月二十四日


附件：

　　　　　　　三唑仑原料药及其制剂定点生产企业名单

┌──────┬─────────────────────┐
│原料药　　　│徐州恩华药业集团有限责任公司　　　　　　　│
│　　　　　　├─────────────────────┤
│　　　　　　│吉林恒和制药股份有限公司　　　　　　　　　│
├──────┼─────────────────────┤
│片剂　　　　│湖南洞庭药业股份有限公司　　　　　　　　　│
│（0．25m） ├─────────────────────┤
│　　　　　　│山西德元堂药业有限公司　　　　　　　　　　│
│　　　　　　├─────────────────────┤
│　　　　　　│徐州恩华药业集团有限责任公司　　　　　　　│
│　　　　　　├─────────────────────┤
│　　　　　　│吉林恒和制药股份有限公司　　　　　　　　　│
└──────┴─────────────────────┘